It was the deadliest phase of the ongoing polls to union parishads.

At least 12 people, including two school-goers and two candidates, were killed in violence during yesterday's fifth-phase voting that was also marked by various irregularities.

Before yesterday, the highest number of people killed in election-day violence was 10, and it was in the first of the six phases of the staggered UP polls.

The election-day death toll in the five phases now stands at 37.

This apart, violence erupted also during electioneering and after the polls since February, leaving 76 more dead.

More than 200 people were also injured, many of them shot, as the supporters of chairmen and member candidates got locked in fierce clashes yesterday, when 717 unions went to polls.

Most of the casualties were the results of clashes between supporters of ruling Awami League candidates and party rebels in around 60 unions.

Deaths were reported from Jamalpur, Chittagong, Noakhali, Comilla, Panchagarh and Narayanganj.

The supporters of candidates captured polling stations and stuffed ballot boxes, like in the previous four phases.

Voting in 120 centres was called off as law and order went out of control, according to the Election Commission.

Until yesterday, the total number of deaths in UP polls violence stood at 101, according to civil body platform Shushashoner Jonno Nagorik (Shujan). Of the deceased, 40 were supporters of AL nominated chairman candidates while 12 were loyal to AL rebel candidates and two were supporters of BNP candidates. Most of the rest were people with no political affiliation. There were a few from Jatiya Party and Jatiyatabadi Samajtantrik Dal.

Jamalpur saw the worst violence yesterday in which at least four people, including two children, were killed.

Over 100 others were injured when supporters of AL and AL rebel chairman candidates locked in a fierce clash over taking control over a polling centre in Bahadurabad union.

Witnesses said armed supporters of AL candidate Shakiruzzaman Rakhal and AL rebel candidate Sajahan Mia clashed around 10:15am at the polling station.

The law enforcers tried to control the situation but Jahangir Alam, general secretary of Bahadurabad union parishad, said, "All the three parties fired bullets that left four people shot."

Majed, 15, of class-VIII and Nabirul, 16, of class-IX of a local school were among those hit. Majed died on the spot while Nabirul died on his way to Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Shariful Huq, additional superintendent of Jamalpur police, told this paper.

Police fired at least 140 shots to control the situation, he said.

Locals said Majed and Nabirul had gone to Khutarchar Ebtedayee Madrasa polling centre to see the voting.

Nurul Islam, 55, and Ziaur Rahman, 35, were also shot and they died in local hospitals.

At least 10 policemen and Ansar men were injured in the clash, reports our correspondent there.

The deputy commissioner of the district has formed a four-member probe body, led by an additional district magistrate, and asked it to submit a report within three days.

In Chittagong, two people, including a member candidate, were killed and several others injured when supporters of AL chairman candidate Md Ali and AL rebel chairman candidate Didarul Alam locked in a clash outside Fakirnir Hat Sunnia Madrasa polling station in Barauthan union around 1:00pm.

They were armed with firearms and sharp weapons.

Yasin, 34, an independent member candidate from Barauthan Union Parishad was stabbed outside the polling centre at that time, locals said.

Doctors at Chittagong Medical College Hospital declared him dead at 1:30pm. Hossain, 30, was also taken to the hospital with stab wounds and was declared dead in the evening.

In another incident, one person was killed and several others, including three police constables were injured as supporters of two member candidates clashed at South Ashia Shah Amanat Hefzakhana polling centre in Ashia union around 11:30am.

Police and eyewitnesses said the followers of member candidates Nurul Karim and Shafiqul Islam locked in clash accusing each other of casting fake votes.

They hurled brick chunks and fired shots at each other, said Sergeant Saiful Islam, who was in charge of the centre's security.

"We too fired four bullets to disperse the mob," he added.

In the melee, Babul Shil was seriously injured after being beaten up. He died at Patiya Upazila Health Complex in the afternoon.

Meanwhile, presiding officer of Kazipara Govt Primary School polling centre, Manjurul Alam, 55, died of cardiac arrest while discharging his duties at Haidgaon of Patiya around 3:30pm, reports our correspondent there.

In Noakhali, two people were killed in separate incidents at two unions of Begumganj.

Our correspondent reported that a group of people gathered in front of Rajganj Senior Madrasa polling station around 11:00am allegedly to occupy the centre.

Law enforcers went to the spot and started charging truncheons .

Amid the chaos, Soyad Ahmed, 65, he ran into a wall and started bleeding from his head, said locals.

He was taken to Noakhali General Hospital where he died.

In another incident, Shakil, 17, a shopkeeper of a fruit stall, was killed during a clash between the supporters of two member candidates over occupying KB Union High School polling station in Chirtoli union.

Shakil was being treated at a local hospital but doctors referred him to Dhaka Medical College Hospital as his condition deteriorated.

He passed away on his way to Dhaka. 

Details of the incident could not be known.

In Comilla, Kamal Uddin, an independent chairman candidate and also the outgoing chairman of Bolorampur union parishad and vice-president of Titas upazila BNP unit, was stabbed to death allegedly by his rivals .

ASM Abdun Nur, officer-in-charge (investigation) of Titas Police Station, said a clash erupted between the supporters of Kamal and BNP-nominated chairman candidate Tofail Ahmed Tapan Bhuiyan around 3:00pm in Bolorampur.

Kamal was stabbed during the clash, he said.

In Panchagarh, Nasiruddin, 50, was killed in a clash between supporters of two member candidates at Harinabari union of Panchagarh sadar last night.

A clash erupted around 9:00pm when presiding officer of Joardarpara Government Primary School polling centre declared Tarikul Islam unofficially elected.

After the announcement, supporters of a defeated member candidate attacked Tarikul's men leaving at least four people injured, including Nasiruddin, a supporter of Tarikul.

Nasiruddin was taken to a local hospital where he died.

In Narayanganj, an elderly man died when supporters of a defeated member candidate chased the fans of a winning candidate in Naogaon union of Sonargaon in Narayanganj last night, reports our correspondent there.

Winning member candidate Nurul Islam said Idris Ali got trampled during the attack by his rival's men.

However, Manjur Kader, officer-in-charge of Sonargaon Police Station, said Idris died of cardiac arrest.

In Sirajganj, a mobile court sentenced presiding officer Forhad Hossain of Shuvogacha Govt Primary School polling centre in Kazipur to six months' imprisonment for allowing people to cast fake votes in favour of an AL nominated candidate.

The magistrate also fined four AL men for their involvement in irregularities.

In Munshiganj, Haji Md Ripon Patwari, AL chairman candidate for Mollakandi union, boycotted the polls alleging capturing of polling stations by AL rebel chairman candidate Mohsina Haq Kolpona.

In Chittagong, BGB members arrested AL chairman candidate Haji Saber Ahmed at Ichanagar Govt Primary School polling centre in Chorpathorghata in connection with voting irregularities.

In the presence of a mobile court, the BGB members also recovered ballot papers and seals from his possession, sources said.

BNP Vice-Chairman Abdullah Al Noman today claimed that ruling party men attacked his Victory Day procession in Chattogram city’s Halishahar.

“We were on our Victory Day procession in Nayabazar. Suddenly, some youths attacked us with sticks and machetes,” he said at a press conference.

“One of them wielded a gun. I witnessed it myself,” he said. “We were not campaigning. It was just a Victory Day march. They won’t even let us do it.”

“Police stood there and did nothing,” he alleged; adding that Ershadul Amin, brother of AL candidate Afsarul Amin Chowdhury, led the attack.

SM Obaidul Haque, officer-in-charge (OC) of Halishahar Police Station, said there was no such incident. “Two rallies of BNP and AL crossed paths. We diverted them. No clash took place.”

The Daily Star correspondent failed to contact Ershadul Amin despite repeated attempts.    

After Bangladesh's journey began on the path to becoming a modern democracy in 1991, many expected that electoral democracy would gain a strong footing gradually. But that hope and aspiration stumbled for the first slip at the infamous Magura-2 parliamentary by-polls on March 20, 1994. It became a symbol of a rigged election in the era of democracy, which seemed to have been restored after Ershad's autocratic regime came crashing down.

That by-election brought two issues to the fore: that a free and fair election was not possible under a partisan government, and that the Election Commission was not free at all under a political government. The by-polls helped the Awami League-led opposition parties of that time to intensify their campaign for the introduction of a non-partisan, election-time government.

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Can Bangladeshi politics change its spots in 2023?

In the face of a strong campaign launched by the opposition, a caretaker government provision was introduced in the constitution and, subsequently, four national elections were held under non-partisan caretaker governments. Those elections were, by and large, free from the controversy of vote-rigging and ballot-stuffing. But the caretaker government system was annulled from the constitution following a court verdict. And we saw a resumption of the old tactics of vote rigging, with polling centres being run over by party cadres, ousting of polling agents, stuffing and snatching of ballot boxes, and intimidation of voters.

Then came the two controversial national elections of 2014 and 2018. While the BNP boycotted the 2014 election, the 2018 election saw 153 ruling-party-aligned candidates elected uncontested amid widespread allegations of irregularities. There were allegations that ballot boxes were stuffed the night before the election, and the opposition camp lost the election even before voting had begun.

In recent times, we have also witnessed voter turnouts gradually declining, which is surely an ominous sign for democracy.

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‘Not in the mood to respond to AL’s lies’

After around three decades, if we look back at that fateful by-election of Magura, we would realise that the situation has not changed much. It happened again at the Gaibandha-5 by-election. The issue of by-elections came into discussion once again when seven BNP lawmakers – the only BNP candidates who had managed to win in 2018 – resigned. After their resignation, the Election Commission announced the election schedule, and the ruling Awami League and the main opposition in parliament, the Jatiya Party, nominated their respective candidates. But the Brahmanbaria-2 by-poll stole the show as a former BNP leader (after having been expelled from his party), Ukil Abdus Sattar, contested the election as an independent candidate.

Sattar had been elected five times from the constituency and had been state minister as a technocrat. His loyalty to the party was unquestionable. Following an order from the party high command, he had resigned from parliament, but made a surprise turn-around as he decided to contest the by-election as an independent candidate, in turn getting himself expelled from the BNP. The belief held in his constituency is that Sattar is contesting the polls for two reasons – first, he was trapped by the government and second, out of fear that he would not get the party ticket for the next election as he is over 83 years old.

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Another reason is that BNP leader Rumeen Farhana has a high probability of getting the party nomination in the next election from that constituency. For Sattar, his political future is almost ending. Many in the constituency have also said that it is actually Sattar's son who is trying to "make his future" through this by-election.

This particular by-election attracted further attention when all three ruling Awami League aspirants – it was open to anyone interested to run – withdrew their candidacy following the directions of party high-ups. It turned out to be a cakewalk for Sattar. On AL's part, it was presumably a good gesture to let a senior politician of the opposing camp have a last hurrah, since he is most likely at the twilight of a long and distinguished career. However, it is so rare that this incident is certain to go down in history as a very likely one-off where the ruling party favoured an opposition candidate.

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The ruling Awami League has repeatedly said that the next election will be a free, fair, and inclusive one. BNP sent a strong message through the resignation of its lawmakers, saying that it was not making empty threats when saying that the party would not join any elections under the incumbent government. And Awami League appeared to have countered this with a tactic of sending a message to BNP aspirants, saying they might get an open field if they break away and run during the elections. Then, Awami League could claim the elections to be inclusive and also be certain of retaining office.

It is often said that in politics, there is no last word. Through Sattar's participation, the ruling Awami League will try to prove a few things, particularly that BNP's decision to resign from the parliament was wrong, and will send a message to BNP leaders and aspirants that they may have a chance in the next polls if they betray their party and create a few cracks in what has so far remained steadfast determination. It is perhaps BNP's biggest achievement of the last 15 years that the party remained intact, with none of its stalwarts breaking away. But Sattar's election may have an impact.

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But one must wonder whether this move was indeed a good strategy for the ruling party. Is politics just a voting game? Should there not be moral or ideological practices in politics? After all, the one thing politicians must keep in mind is that once someone is labelled as a traitor, it hangs around their neck like the fabled albatross.

BNP had to rig the Magura by-polls in 1994 to back their claim that their popularity had not decreased. Three decades later, the AL took on a different strategy and let an independent candidate win to coax out aspirants from BNP's fold. In 1994, although BNP won the polls, it was defeated in politics. The Awami League might console itself with a self-congratulatory chuckle thanks to Sattar's victory. It might almost seem that the Awami League has manipulated a win in the first skirmish. But will such a stratagem or tactic win them the war?

Mohammad Al-Masum Molla is deputy chief reporter at The Daily Star.