It has been 23 years since the signing of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) Accord. On this day in December 1997, the government of Bangladesh and the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (PCJSS) signed the agreement to resolve the CHT problem through political and peaceful means. Although some clauses and sub-clauses of the Accord have been implemented in the last 23 years, two-thirds of the clauses still remain unimplemented. In particular, the core issues of the Accord remain either completely unrealised or partially and defectively implemented. And thus, the opportunity for a political and peaceful solution to the CHT problem has been squandered. At present, the process of implementing the Accord has been totally halted.

Although the Awami League government, which had signed the CHT Accord in 1997, has been in power for 12 consecutive years now, it has not taken any effective steps to implement some of the most fundamental clauses of the Accord. While two-thirds of the provisions of the Accord are still unimplemented, there has been misleading propaganda at home and abroad that 48 of the 72 clauses have been "fully implemented".

For example, Section 1 of Part A of the Accord provides for the preservation of the characteristics of Jumma (tribal) inhabited areas of the CHT region. The government claims that this provision has been fully implemented. It says the development and preservation of the language and culture of tribes, minor races, ethnic sects and communities have been ensured through the inclusion of Article 23A in the 15th amendment to the Constitution. This claim is not appropriate.

In fact, ensuring this provision depends on the resolution of land disputes, protection of land rights of hill people, introduction of a special governance structure in CHT, rehabilitation of returned Jumma refugees and internally displaced Jumma people, execution of the definition of non-tribal (Bengali) permanent residents, preparation of a voter list with permanent residents, etc. Besides, during the formal dialogue, the government delegation repeatedly assured that the prime minister had promised to rehabilitate the settlers in the plains. But these issues have not been resolved yet.

In addition, in order to preserve the tribal pre-dominated characteristics of the region, it is important (1) to introduce a statutory measure to the Constitution stating that CHT is a region predominated by multi-lingual hill/tribal people; (2) to incorporate the words "or the hill people of CHT" immediately after the words "in favour of women or children or the backward sections of citizens" in Article 28(4) of the Constitution; and (3) to adopt and implement a plan for rehabilitation of settlers in the plain districts. However, no measure has yet been undertaken to that affect.

As another example, let's take section 2 of Part A of the Accord which provides for amendments to the various laws, rules and regulations applicable in the CHT in accordance with the Accord. The government claims that this provision has been fully implemented. In fact, only the CHT Regional Council Act, three Hill District Council Acts and the CHT Land Dispute Resolution Commission Act have been enacted. In order to implement the said provision of the Accord, it is necessary to amend other laws applicable in the CHT such as the Police Act 1861, Police Regulation and CHT Regulation 1900. Although recommendations have been made by the CHT Regional Council to amend a number of laws, rules and circulars, no action has been taken by the government in this regard till date.

Since the CHT Regulation of 1900 was not amended, various complications have been created in the governance system of the CHT region. The CHT Accord stipulates that supervision and coordination of all subjects have to be conducted by the CHT Regional Council including all development programmes of the Hill District Councils and CHT Development Board, general administration and law and order in the three hill districts, formulation of laws in consultation with and as per the advice of the CHT Regional Council, NGO activities and disaster and relief management, etc. But the Regional Council has yet to be entrusted with these powers, as a result of which supervision and coordination of all subjects by the Regional Council have been left halted.

On the other hand, the subjects of land and land management, supervision, preservation and improvement of law and order of the district, and police (local) are under the jurisdiction of the three Hill District Councils. But the Deputy Commissioners (DCs) of the three hill districts, on the one hand, have been exercising all powers related to general administration on plea of merit conferred in the CHT Regulation 1900, and on the other hand, have been running land and land management and law and order activities in the district under the auspices of the government. Therefore, the government's view that this provision has been "fully implemented" is not correct.

Of the 33 functions, only 17 functions have been transferred to the three Hill District Councils. Among them, 12 subjects/functions have been transferred in incomplete form, and with anomalies. But the official claim is that 28 subjects have been transferred to each of Rangamati and Khagrachari Hill District Councils, while 26 subjects have been transferred to the Bandarban Hill District Council. Most importantly, the significant functions/subjects—such as supervision, preservation and development of law and order, land and land management, police (local), forest and environment, development of communication system, etc.—have not been transferred till today.

Following all the dillydallying for 15 years, in October 2016, the controversial provisions of the CHT Land Dispute Resolution Commission Act 2001 were finally amended. But since then, the government has been once again procrastinating in adoption of the Rules of the Land Commission over the last years. The Land Commission has not been able to start judicial works on disputes of lands for not having the Rules framed as of today. Consequently, due to non-settlement of disputes over lands, conflicts and clashes between the Jumma and Bengali people over land disputes have been taking place every now and then, which are intensifying day by day.

In the context of the implementation of the CHT Accord, the government frequently highlights the issue of development of the CHT. It cannot be said that progress in the areas of education, healthcare, drinking water and sanitation, roads, socio-economic development and so on has not been made to some extent. However, the CHT region is still far behind compared to the national level. It is also true that development programmes destructive to the national existence and the culture of the Jumma people are being implemented. The cases of one-sided declaration of more than two lakh acres of traditionally possessed lands and Mouza lands of the Jumma people as "reserve forest", thousand acres of lands given in lease to outsiders, thousand acres of lands taken in acquisition and occupation for military and tourism purposes, expansion of cluster villages of the settlers and continuous settlement of the outsiders, communal attacks upon the Jumma people and setting their villages on fire, violence against women and children, etc.—are some examples that show how the Jumma people are being evicted.

Another such example is the plan to build a five-star hotel and amusement park in Chimbuk hills. In the meantime, hundreds of Jumma families including Mro villagers have already been evicted from their ancestral villages as a result of such development activities. The construction of the five-star hotel and amusement park is expected to wipe out many more villages of Mro people and to endanger the livelihoods of about 10,000 Jum farmers.

At present, instead of pursuing a political and peaceful solution, suppression has been chosen as the answer to the CHT problem. Although a hundred temporary camps have been withdrawn in the past, more than 400 temporary camps are still in force in CHT. Moreover, in violation of the Accord, the government issued Operation Uttoron in the name of cooperation for the implementation of CHT Accord in 2001.

Propaganda and conspiracies have been heightened to identify individuals and organisations that are vocal in demanding the implementation of the CHT Accord as "terrorists", "extortionists" and "armed miscreants". Raids, house searches, arrests, extrajudicial killings in the name of crossfire, filing of fabricated cases, etc. have been intensified. While propaganda against Jumma people and CHT through hired journalists is being perpetuated, restrictions on freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and association, and on publishing news on human rights violations have escalated in recent times. As a result, the news of oppression and torture on the Jumma people is completely hidden from the media and the people of the country. Thus, the situation in the CHT today is becoming as unstable and tense as the pre-Accord times.

Mangal Kumar Chakma is Information and Publicity Secretary of the PCJSS. Email: mkchakma@gmail.com