Four ways to boost clean energy in Bangladesh
As the finance minister of Bangladesh prepares the national budget for FY2023-24, to be proposed in June, the energy and power sectors should get some attention. Despite the success of the incumbent government over the last decade in accelerating the country's power generation capacity, a reliance on imported fossil fuels has exposed its vulnerability to external energy price shocks. The Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) is also experiencing the uphill task of managing the burgeoning subsidy burden.
Against this backdrop, the upcoming budget could guide the vulnerable power and energy sectors towards economic sustainability and energy security. The national budget should aim to spur renewable energy expansion, particularly solar. Budgetary support for clean energy initiatives and directives to utilise expensive fossil-fuel-based power plants less could boost clean energy in the country.
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Under the draft Integrated Energy and Power Master Plan (IEPMP), expected to be released this year, Bangladesh has set a clean energy target of 40 percent by 2041. To attain this goal, the country should replace diesel-run irrigation systems with solar power.
While the Infrastructure Development Company Ltd (IDCOL) has been supporting this initiative with funding from donor agencies, spearheading transformation in a sector comprising some 1.07 million irrigation systems would require additional support.
IDCOL's financing model includes a grant component with debt and equity for solar pumps. Following this tested model, the government could allocate grant funds, distributed over several years, towards solar irrigation for a more rapid sectoral transformation. An assessment of the full funding needed and the donor agencies' contribution level would help the government determine the necessary budget allocation for the sector.
Notably, replacing diesel-fired irrigation pumps with solar-driven systems could help Bangladesh install 4,000MW of solar capacity and reduce annual fuel import bills worth $917 million by avoiding diesel consumption and supplying additional electricity to the grid. It would also help avoid 3.7 million tonnes of CO2 emissions annually, and contribute considerably to achieving Bangladesh's climate goals. Additionally, large-scale implementation of solar irrigation systems would create job opportunities.
Battery storage for flexible generation
With the growing share of renewable energy in its power mix, Bangladesh could enhance flexibility in the power system. Incorporating battery storage systems with the new grid-scale solar projects would provide flexibility and help reduce oil-based power generation when the sun is not shining. This could also reduce gas-based peaking power plant operations.
Although energy storage is expensive, it is getting cheaper and will likely be a more viable option in the future. Bangladesh could therefore start piloting new grid-scale solar projects backed by battery storage systems. The government could keep this piloting provision under the energy and power sectors' budgetary allocation to create an ecosystem for swift implementation of storage facilities at scale once they become financially viable.
The government could also earmark budget funds to identify suitable land for grid-scale solar projects, and assess both offshore and onshore wind potential.
Waiver or reimbursement of duties on rooftop solar accessories
Studies have shown that industrial rooftops in Bangladesh could accommodate some 5,000MW of solar energy. However, four accessories – namely fibre-reinforced polymer walkways, imported inverters, mounting structures, and direct current cable – are subject to import duties, ranging from 15.25 percent to 58.6percent, raising project costs.
A ballpark analysis reveals that Bangladesh would be better off removing the duties than realising one-off import revenue. For instance, installing a combined capacity of 1,000MW of rooftop solar systems might cost Tk 7,000 crore ($0.66 billion), of which the four accessories above would account for 25-30 percent (Tk 1,750-2,100 crore) of the total cost. Assuming the average burden of duties is 30 percent of the total cost of accessories, the one-off import duties would be less than Tk 650 crore ($61 million). At the same time, 1,000MW of rooftop solar systems could generate 1,400 million kWh of electricity, assuming four hours of operation a day for 350 days a year.
Given that the BPDB purchased electricity at more than Tk 15/kWh ($0.14) from a good number of power plants in FY2021-22, and large industries currently pay around Tk 9.78/kWh ($0.092/kWh) for grid electricity after three rounds of price hikes, rooftop solar systems would reduce costs by Tk 5.25/kWh ($0.05). Considering this per unit savings, the BPDB could save Tk 735 crore ($69 million) per annum from the potential 1,400 million kWh of electricity generated from rooftop systems. Over a span of 25 years, the combined financial gain from 1,000MW of rooftop solar power would be Tk 18,375 crore ($1.73 billion), which is around 30 times more than the one-off duties the government would collect over the same period.
While Bangladesh's low tax-GDP ratio is one reason for collecting these duties, the one-off revenue from import duties is meagre compared to the total revenue of Tk 332,473.4 crore ($31.28 billion) collected in FY2021-22. In the upcoming budget, the government should consider including a directive to waive the existing duties on rooftop solar accessories or reimburse the amount later.
Reducing dependence on oil-based power generation
Energy curves analysis shows that Bangladesh uses expensive oil-based electricity generation throughout the year. A good number of oil-fired units cost the BPDB Tk 15-20/kWh ($0.14-0.19/kWh) in FY2021-22, although in one case the cost was as high as Tk 30/kWh ($0.28/kWh). However, rooftop and utility-scale solar can generate electricity at Tk 5.25/kWh and Tk 7.6/kWh, respectively. In light of the need for transitioning to a clean and cost-effective electricity system, the finance minister could recommend that the Power Division design a pathway to reduce reliance on expensive oil-based electricity and increase the use of clean energy.
Over the last decade, Bangladesh has made significant efforts towards renewable energy development, albeit with limited progress. However, interest in renewables is growing among private and public sector agencies amid rising power generation costs and subsidy burden. Utility-scale projects are coming online too. Building on this momentum, the four points proposed here could be incorporated in the budget and would help Bangladesh transition more quickly to a clean and cheaper power generation system with enhanced energy security.
Shafiqul Alam is an energy analyst at the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA).
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