Here is a chronology of major military and diplomatic escalations in their troubled relationship since 1999.

MAY–JULY 1999:

India and Pakistan fight an undeclared war in the Kargil region of Kashmir after Pakistani army-backed irregulars occupy Indian posts on the Line of Control (LoC) or the ceasefire line. India pushes back after intense fighting. The US pressures Pakistan to withdraw.

DECEMBER 2001:

Heavily armed attackers target India's parliament building in New Delhi, killing nine people. India blames Pakistan-based groups Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba. The two countries come to the brink of a fourth war.

NOVEMBER 2008:

Ten heavily armed attackers target major landmarks across Mumbai, killing 166 people. India pauses all dialogue with Pakistan, resuming them briefly years later under a structured peace process.

JANUARY 2016:

Attackers disguised as soldiers storm an Indian Air Force base near the Pakistan border, exchanging fire with Indian forces who battle for more than 15 hours before wresting back control of the compound.

FEBRUARY 2019:

A suicide bomber kills 40 Indian paramilitary police in Kashmir. India conducts air strikes in Balakot, Pakistan. Pakistan responds with air strikes of its own.

AUGUST 2019:

India revokes Kashmir's special status, scrapping a constitutional provision that allowed the state of Jammu and Kashmir to make its own laws. Pakistan downgrades diplomatic ties and suspends trade.

APRIL 2025:

Twenty-six men are killed after assailants target Hindu tourists in Indian Kashmir. India blames Pakistan-backed groups.