As researchers studying air pollution, we've encountered fascinating yet troubling observations about people's perceptions regarding environmental crises. Despite growing evidence and alarming statistics, many Bangladeshis continue to hold onto misconceptions about air pollution, what causes it, who it affects, and how it impacts health.

Air pollution in Bangladesh has reached critical levels, posing serious health risks, particularly to children and senior citizens. Yet, public awareness remains frustratingly low, and many dismiss the issue altogether. This is not simply a lack of information; it's a problem rooted in myths and outdated beliefs that prevent meaningful action.

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Dhaka’s desperate need for fresh air

Today, many still view air pollution as an urban problem, confined to bustling cities like Dhaka, while rural areas are perceived as untouched havens of clean air. Others blame seasonal illnesses or external factors, such as vaccines, for respiratory problems, completely overlooking the role of chronic exposure to harmful pollutants like PM 2.5, sulphur, and lead. And perhaps most concerning of all is the widespread dismissal of indoor air pollution, despite its growing threat in poorly ventilated homes and workplaces. It's time to replace myths with facts, challenge outdated beliefs, and confront the invisible threat that's already affecting our health and future.

One of the most widespread myths in Bangladesh is that air pollution is only an urban problem. Many people assume that the countryside, with its lush green fields and open spaces, is free from the toxic haze that hangs over cities like Dhaka. This misconception is deeply rooted in the visible sources of pollution like factories and construction dust which are concentrated in urban areas.

However, this myth could not be further from the truth. Rural areas are equally affected by air pollution, albeit in ways that are less visible but just as harmful. From the smoke of brick kilns to the burning of crop residues, rural pollution contributes to the same deadly air quality. And let's not forget that pollution doesn't care about borders; it travels across countries and vast distances. No area is immune from the harmful effects of pollution, whether it's the smog-filled streets of Dhaka or the quiet, dusty lanes of the countryside.

As the season changes many of us start experiencing shortness of breath and the "seasonal flu" or a harmless "winter cough." While the weather does play a role, the underlying cause of these respiratory issues is not simply the change in seasons, but the constant exposure to harmful air pollutants.

Tiny particles known as PM 2.5 and PM 10, along with gases like sulphur and lead, linger in the air, causing long-term damage to the lungs and respiratory system. These particles are small enough to be inhaled deeply into the lungs, where they can cause everything from chronic coughs to more severe conditions like asthma, bronchitis, and even heart disease. This is common science. So, while a little cough during the change of seasons might seem normal, persistent respiratory problems are more likely the result of chronic exposure to poor air quality, not just a passing flu.

Since the pandemic, another myth has taken hold: that the COVID vaccine is responsible for the rise in respiratory problems. Many people believe that the vaccine has damaged the lung functions and is causing persistent coughs, fatigue, and breathing difficulties. While the vaccine may have had some side effects for a very small group of people, the widespread rise in respiratory problems cannot be attributed to it, especially not without evidence.

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Bangladesh has been grappling with poor air quality for years, and respiratory issues like coughing and shortness of breath have been on the rise long before the pandemic began. So, blaming the vaccine for health issues that have been building up over time misses the larger point: air pollution is the true threat to our lungs.

One of the most dangerous myths about air pollution is the idea that it only matters if you can see it. If the air looks clear, then it must be safe, right? This belief is especially common in areas where smog or heavy pollution is not immediately visible. Pollution doesn't always present itself in visible form. Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5), which is among the most harmful pollutants, is so small that it's invisible to the naked eye. These tiny particles can easily enter your lungs and bloodstream, causing significant health issues. So, just because you can't see pollution doesn't mean it isn't there. On the contrary, it's likely lurking in the air you're breathing.

Indoor air quality can often be far worse than outdoor air, especially in homes where cooking, smoking, or the use of certain household products is common. In many Bangladeshi households, traditional cooking methods such as burning wood, cow dung, or coal release harmful pollutants like particulate matter and carbon monoxide. Without proper ventilation, these pollutants accumulate indoors, creating a toxic environment for those living there. In fact, indoor air pollution can sometimes be as bad as outdoor pollution levels, making it just as hazardous, if not more so. So, the idea that staying indoors protects you from pollution is not only false—it could be putting your health at greater risk.

Overwhelming evidence shows that air pollution has far-reaching consequences, impacting nearly every aspect of our lives. It leads to deaths from cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, harms children's health, reduces workplace productivity, and even affects cognitive ability. Emerging research also links air pollution to mental health issues, sleep disturbances, and so forth.

These misguided beliefs prevent meaningful action, keeping people unaware of the true risks and long-term health effects. It's time to confront the reality of air pollution head-on. By understanding that pollution affects everyone—indoors and out, urban and rural—we can make informed choices to protect ourselves, our loved ones, and future generations.

Let's challenge these myths, embrace the truth, and work together to breathe cleaner, healthier air.

AARM Mehrab Ali is the founder and executive director of ARCED Foundation.

Sadia Sumaia Chowdhury is the senior programme manager at ARCED Foundation.

Shirsha Songshoptak is a research assistant at ARCED Foundation.

Views expressed in this article are the author's own.

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